拜城油鸡FSHR基因多态性及其与生产性能的关联分析

【目的】探究促卵泡激素受体(follicle stimulating hormone receptor,FSHR)基因多态性与拜城油鸡产蛋性状、蛋品质及孵化性能的关系,为选育高生产性能的种鸡提供新的分子标记。【方法】以129只拜城油鸡为研究对象,利用DNA混池重测序技术筛选SNPs位点,采取Sequenom飞行时间质谱技术进行相关位点分型,通过SPSS 26.0软件的一般线性模型进行FSHR基因多态性与拜城油鸡生产性能的关联分析。【结果】FSHR基因外显子1上存在2个SNPs位点:SNP1(g.7640519 C＞A)、SNP2(g.7640639 T＞C);外显子4和5上分别存在1个SNP位点:SNP3(g.7692270 C＞T)、SNP4(g.7698478 A＞G);外显子10上存在3个SNPs位点:SNP5(g.7716725 G＞C)、SNP6(g.7715900 A＞G)、SNP7(g.7716470 T＞C),除SNP6外,检出率均在90%以上。SNP1位点仅检测到2个基因型:CC和CA,CC为优势基因型;SNP2、SNP3和SNP7位点均存在3种基因型:TT、TC和CC;SNP4位点存在3种基因型:AA、AG和GG;SNP5位点存在3种基因型:CC、CG和GG。相关分析结果表明,SNP2位点CC基因型个体开产日龄极显著高于TT基因型(P＜0.01),显著高于CT基因型(P＜0.05);TT基因型个体蛋重显著高于CT基因型(P＜0.05),入孵蛋死胚率显著高于CC基因型(P＜0.05)。SNP3位点TT基因型个体蛋壳厚度显著高于CC基因型(P＜0.05)。SNP5位点CG基因型个体300日龄总产蛋量极显著高于CC和GG基因型(P＜0.01),300日龄平均蛋重和开产蛋重均显著高于GG基因型(P＜0.05),开产体重显著高于CC基因型(P＜0.05);GG基因型个体蛋壳厚度显著低于CC和CG基因型(P＜0.05)。SNP7位点TT基因型个体开产蛋重和个体蛋重均显著高于CC和CT基因型(P＜0.05),蛋白高度和蛋黄重均显著高于CT基因型(P＜0.05),哈氏单位值极显著高于CC和CT基因型(P＜0.01)。【结论】FSHR基因SNP5(g.7716725 G＞C)位点CG基因型可作为影响拜城油鸡产蛋性能的标记基因型,SNP7(g.7716470 T＞C)位点TT基因型可作为影响拜城油鸡蛋品质的优势基因型。     

Distribution and Diversity of Salmonella Strains in Shipments of Hatchling Poultry,United States, 2013

Multistate outbreaks of salmonellosis associated with live poultry contact have been occurring with increasing frequency. In 2013, multistate outbreaks of salmonellosis were traced back to exposure to live poultry, some of which were purchased at a national chain of farm stores (Farm store chain Y). This study was conducted at 36 stores of Farm store chain Y and was concurrent with the timing of exposure for the human outbreaks of salmonellosis in 2013. We used environmental swabs of arriving shipment boxes of hatchling poultry and shipment tracking information to examine the distribution, diversity and anti‐microbial resistance of non‐typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) across farm stores and hatcheries. Isolates recovered from shipment boxes underwent serotyping, anti‐microbial resistance (AMR) testing and pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Postal service tracking codes from the shipment boxes were used to determine the hatchery of origin. The PFGE patterns were compared with the PFGE patterns of NTS causing outbreaks of salmonellosis in 2013. A total of 219 hatchling boxes from 36 stores in 13 states were swabbed between 15 March 2013 and 18 April 2013. NTS were recovered from 59 (27%) of 219 hatchling boxes. Recovery was not significantly associated with species of hatchlings, number of birds in the shipment box, or the presence of dead, injured or sick birds. Four of the 23 PFGE patterns and 23 of 50 isolates were indistinguishable from strains causing human outbreaks in 2013. For serotypes associated with human illnesses, PFGE patterns most frequently recovered from shipment boxes were also more frequent causes of human illness. Boxes positive for the same PFGE pattern most frequently originated from the same mail‐order hatchery. Only one of 59 isolates was resistant to anti‐microbials used to treat Salmonella infections in people. This study provides critical information to address recurrent human outbreaks of salmonellosis associated with mail‐order hatchling poultry.     

Surveillance and Early Warning of West Nile Virus Lineage 2 Using Backyard Chickens and Correlation to Human Neuroinvasive Cases

In 2010, a West Nile virus (WNV) epidemic was reported in Central Macedonia, Northern Greece, with 197 neuroinvasive disease (WNND) cases in humans. The following 3 years, WNV spreads to new areas of Greece and human cases reoccurred during the transmission periods. After the initial outbreak, a WNV surveillance system using juvenile backyard chickens was established in Central Macedonia (after the 2011 outbreak) and Eastern Macedonia‐Thrace (after the 2012 outbreak). Sera were screened for the presence of antibodies against WNV using cELISA and serum neutralization test, to monitor the spread of WNV and to assess the correlation between the WNV point seroprevalence in chickens and the incidence rates of human WNND cases in the aforementioned areas. WNV seroprevalence in chickens was 10.4% (95% CI: 7–15) in Central Macedonia (2011) and 18.1% (95% CI: 14–23) in Eastern Macedonia‐Thrace (2012). Seroprevalence in chickens and incidence rates of human WNND cases in Eastern Macedonia‐Thrace were strongly positively correlated (ρ = 0.98, P = 0.005) at the regional unit level, with the incidence of WNND in humans increasing with increasing WNV point seroprevalence in chickens. In Central Macedonia, the correlation was weaker (ρ = 0.68, P = 0.20), apparently due to small number of reported human WNND cases. Another study was also conducted using juvenile backyard chickens in Central Macedonia, aiming to detect early WNV enzootic circulation, before the onset of human cases during 2011 and 2013. The first seroconverted chickens were detected about 1.5 months before the laboratory diagnosis of any human WNND cases in Central Macedonia, for both years. WNV surveillance, using juvenile backyard chickens, was reliable for the identification of areas with WNV enzootic and silent transmission, and for early warning. Timely diffusion of information to public health authorities facilitated the successful implementation of preparedness plans to protect public health.     

姜黄素的理化特性、抗氧化功能及其在肉鸡生产中的应用

姜黄素是从姜科植物姜黄中提取的一种多酚类活性物质,具有多种生物学功能.近几年,姜黄素作为天然抗氧化剂对机体抗氧化功能的影响引起了人们的广泛关注,其作为一种绿色、新型的饲料添加剂应用于肉鸡生产也成为了国内外的研究热点之一.本文主要介绍了姜黄素的理化性质、生物利用率、抗氧化功能及其在肉鸡生产中的应用现状.     

贵妃鸡与麒麟鸡杂交F1代血液生理生化指标的测定

为给贵妃鸡（♂）与麒麟鸡（♀）杂交F1代的人工饲养繁殖、健康状况检测以及经济开发等提供科学的参考数据和理论依据,试验对12周龄贵妃鸡与麒麟鸡杂交F1代进行血液生理生化指标测定与分析。结果表明：①血液生理指标：杂交公鸡红细胞计数（RBC）、血红蛋白浓度（HGB）、红细胞压积（HCT）在数值上极显著高于母鸡（P〈0.01）,白血球计数（WBC）、平均红细胞体积（MCV）显著高于母鸡（P〈0.05）;②血液生化指标：杂交公鸡的甘油三酯（TG）、尿酸（UA）指标在数值上显著高于母鸡（P〈0.05）,磷酸肌酸激酶（CK）、肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）指标在数值上显著低于母鸡（P〈0.05）。杂交F1代的血液生理生化指标具有相对稳定性,这一结果能为贵妃鸡（♂）与麒麟鸡（♀）杂交F1代疾病诊断、治疗和饲养管理提供参考。     

饲料级果胶酶对肉仔鸡生长性能的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加饲料级果胶酶对肉仔鸡生长性能的影响。选择体重、健康状况基本一致的AA肉仔鸡240只,随机等分为试验组与对照组2个组,每组设3个重复,每重复40只,分成2个处理组,试验组饲喂在基础日粮中添加0.01％含6000U/g 的饲料级果胶酶的日粮,进行为期35d的试验。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验组日增重提高9.51％（P〈0.05）;料重比降低7.06％（P〈0.05）;死淘率降低11.00％（P〈0.05）。说明在日粮中添加饲料级果胶酶可显著提高肉仔鸡的生长性能。     

优质鸡多元杂交组合性能测试及筛选

选用选育的优质鸡S3、W、S09、F及B系组成二元杂交组合:W♂×S09♀、S3♂×S09♀、W♂×B♀,及3个三元杂交组合:B♂×(W♂×S09♀)♀、F♂×(S3♂×S09♀)♀、S09♂×(W♂×B♀)♀,分别于12周龄对各杂交组合鸡的外观、生长及肉用性能进行测试。结果表明,继二元杂交基础上进行的三元杂交组公母鸡综合性能得到显著改善。外貌及体型方面:体斜长、龙骨长及胸深均相应提高,变异系数则相对更小,整体更趋于细致紧凑、均匀齐整;生长及肉用性能方面:12周龄时3组三系杂交公鸡体重分别为1385.50 g、1507.36 g和1482.02 g,相比于二系提高了23.5%、17.7%和35.7%,母鸡体重分别为1112.68 g、1197.69 g和1120.36 g,提高了27.9%、25.4%和26.1%,屠宰率、半净膛率及腹脂率等指标也均有不同程度的提高;三元杂交组合F♂×(S3♂×S09♀)组的体型、生长、饲料转化及肉用性能等均优于B♂×(W♂×S09♀)♀和S09♂×(W♂×B♀)♀组,其中12周龄3组公母鸡平均体重依次为1352.53 g、1249.09 g和1301.19 g,3组腹脂率为0.94%、0.60%和0.78%,两项指标F♂×(S3♂×S09♀)组显著占优(P0.05);饲料报酬分别为3.08、3.05和3.13,F♂×(S3♂×S09♀)同样最高,但未达到显著差异(P0.05),各组成活率都达到90.6%以上的较好水平。本试验为黄羽优质鸡配套系的组建提供了参考依据,达到了研究的预期目标。     

单诺沙星在雏鸡体内的药动学特征及生物利用度研究

以高效液相色谱法为定量手段研究了单诺沙星内服给药在雏鸡体内的药动学特征及生物利用度。 12 0只雏鸡静注或内服单诺沙星 (5mg/kg)后 ,血药浓度时间数据分别符合无吸收二室模型和一级吸收二室模型。静注给药的主要动力学参数为t1/ 2α0 .34h ,t1/ 2 β为 7.3184h ,VB 为 16 .0 6 31L/kg ,AUC为 3.2 872mg/L·h ,Tcp为 2 5 .0 1h。内服给药的主要动力学参数如下 :t1/ 2ka为 0 .2 42 8h ,t1/ 2α为 0 .8917h ,t1/ 2 β为 8.7936h ,Tp 为 0 .9377h ,Cmax为 0 .5 487μg/mL ,AUC为3 .0 5 2 3mg/L·h ,Tcp为 31.115h。内服生物利用度为 92 .85 %。     

磺胺类衍生物对肉鸡生长代谢的影响

将3种不同剂量(12、16、20mg/kg配合料)磺胺类衍生物(简称G98)添加到基础日粮中，通过调动肉鸡内源性激素代谢促进肉鸡生长。研究结果表明，7～52日龄肉鸡，试验各组与对照组相比，体增重、采食量、饲料转化率以及胸肌粗蛋白均不同程度提高；胸肌粗脂肪均下降；与生长有关的内源性激素水平也相应改善；屠宰测定中相关指标发生改变。结果表明，采用G9816mg/kg配合料饲喂肉鸡，生长代谢的效应最好。     

心律失常与肉鸡腹水综合征、猝死综合征发生的关系

对来自 2次试验的 34 0只 (公鸡 182只 ,母鸡 15 8只 )商品 AA肉鸡 ,分别在 7～ 9、2 1～ 2 3、35～ 37日龄 ;14～ 16、2 8～ 30、42～ 44日龄时心电描记中出现的心律失常的特征进行了研究 ,同时还对肉鸡腹水综合征 (AS)、肉鸡猝死综合征 (SDS)的发生进行了跟踪记录。结果表明 ,(1)肉鸡心律失常在 8日龄时即可发生 ,发生率随日龄增加而增高 ,在 42～ 44日龄时可达 16 .6 7% ,且公鸡较母鸡的发病率高 ;(2 )心律失常在肉鸡中最常见的是室性心律失常和窦房或房室传导阻滞 ;(3) 2次试验中 ,有 11只死于 SDS,死亡率 3.2 3% ;有 14只发展为 AS,发病率为 4.11%。对动态心电描记记录作回顾性分析发现 ,死于 SDS的肉鸡中 ,有 7只生前表现有室性心律失常病史 ;发展为 AS的 ,有 8只生前就有传导阻滞的病史。由此可以推测 ,室性心律失常、传导阻滞分别在 SDS和 AS的病理发生中起重要作用